Filtering#

Objectives#

  • Write queries that select records to satisfy our conditions.

  • Explain the order in which the clauses in a query are executed.

Key Points#

  • Use WHERE to specify conditions that records must meet in order to be included in a query’s results.

  • Use AND, OR, and NOT to combine tests.

  • Filtering is done on whole records, so conditions can use fields that are not actually displayed.

  • Write queries incrementally.

  • Wildcard: A character used in pattern matching. In SQL’s like operator, the wildcard “%” matches zero or more characters, so that %able% matches “fixable” and “tablets”.

Filtering with WHERE#

We want to see when a particular site was visited. We can select these records from Visited table using a WHERE clause in our query.

SELECT * FROM Visited WHERE site = 'DR-1';

id   site  dated
---  ----  ----------
619  DR-1  1927-02-08
622  DR-1  1927-02-10
844  DR-1  1932-03-22

To explain what SQL is doing above:

  1. Check each row in Visited to see what satisfies WHERE then,

  2. It uses the column names following SELECT to determine which columns to display.

This processing order means we can filter records using WHERE based on values in columns that aren’t displayed.

SELECT id FROM Visited WHERE site = 'DR-1';

id
---
619
622
844
example filter

Combining filters#

We can use other boolean operators (=, >, <) to filter our data.

We can combine these conditional tests with AND or OR. For example, we can get information on DR-1 site collected before 1930.

SELECT * FROM Visited WHERE site='DR-1' AND dated < '1930-01-01';

id   site  dated
---  ----  ----------
619  DR-1  1927-02-08
622  DR-1  1927-02-10

AND means both conditions must be true.

OR means at least one condition has to be true.

SELECT * FROM Survey WHERE person = 'lake' OR person = 'roe';

taken  person  quant  reading
-----  ------  -----  -------
734    lake    sal    0.05
751    lake    sal    0.1
752    lake    rad    2.19
752    lake    sal    0.09
752    lake    temp   -16.0
752    roe     sal    41.6
837    lake    rad    1.46
837    lake    sal    0.21
837    roe     sal    22.5
844    roe     rad    11.25

Parentheses#

Another way to write this is to see if a value is in a set.

SELECT * FROM Survey WHERE person IN ('lake','roe');

taken  person  quant  reading
-----  ------  -----  -------
734    lake    sal    0.05
751    lake    sal    0.1
752    lake    rad    2.19
752    lake    sal    0.09
752    lake    temp   -16.0
752    roe     sal    41.6
837    lake    rad    1.46
837    lake    sal    0.21
837    roe     sal    22.5
844    roe     rad    11.25

And be careful about parentheses if you are putting together a lot of tests!

SELECT * FROM Survey
WHERE quant = 'sal'
AND person = 'lake' OR person='roe';

taken  person  quant  reading
-----  ------  -----  -------
734    lake    sal    0.05
751    lake    sal    0.1
752    lake    sal    0.09
752    roe     sal    41.6
837    lake    sal    0.21
837    roe     sal    22.5
844    roe     rad    11.25

This gives us all the measurements by 'roe'.

What we probably meant is this:

SELECT * FROM Survey WHERE quant = 'sal' AND (person = 'lake'  OR person='roe');

taken  person  quant  reading
-----  ------  -----  -------
734    lake    sal    0.05
751    lake    sal    0.1
752    lake    sal    0.09
752    roe     sal    41.6
837    lake    sal    0.21
837    roe     sal    22.5

Partial matches#

We can filter by partial matches using LIKE keyword.

The percent (%) acts like a wildcard, matching any characters in that place:

SELECT * FROM Visited WHERE site LIKE 'DR%';

id   site  dated
---  ----  ----------
619  DR-1  1927-02-08
622  DR-1  1927-02-10
734  DR-3  1930-01-07
735  DR-3  1930-01-12
751  DR-3  1930-02-26
752  DR-3
844  DR-1  1932-03-22

DISTINCT and WHERE#

Finally, we can use DISTINCT and WHERE to give a second level of filtering.

SELECT DISTINCT person, quant FROM Survey
WHERE person='lake' OR person = 'roe';

person  quant
------  -----
lake    sal
lake    rad
lake    temp
roe     sal
roe     rad

But remember, DISTINCT is applied to the values displayed in the chosen columns, not to all the rows being processed.

Remember, when trying to write queries, start simple and add more clauses as you go!

Practice: Fix this query#

Suppose we want to select all sites that lie within 48 degrees of the equator. Our first query is:

SELECT * FROM Site WHERE (lat > -48) OR (lat < 48);

Explain why this is wrong, and rewrite the query so that it is correct.

Solution

Because we used OR, a site on the South Pole for example will still meet the second criteria and thus be included. Instead, we want to restrict this to sites that meet both criteria:

SELECT * FROM Site WHERE (lat > -48) AND (lat < 48);

name  lat     long
----  ------  -------
DR-3  -47.15  -126.72

Practice: Matching patterns#

Which of these expressions are true?

  1. 'a' LIKE 'a'

  2. 'a' LIKE '%a'

  3. 'beta' LIKE '%a'

  4. 'alpha' LIKE 'a%%'

  5. 'alpha' LIKE 'a%p%'

Solution

  1. 'a' LIKE 'a': True because these are the same character.

  2. 'a' LIKE '%a': True because the wildcard can match zero or more characters.

  3. 'beta' LIKE '%a': True because the % matches bet and the a matches the a.

  4. 'alpha' LIKE 'a%%': True because the first wildcard matches lpha and the second wildcard matches zero characters (or vice versa).

  5. 'alpha' LIKE 'a%p%': True because the first wildcard matches l and the second wildcard matches ha.